学进去

陕西某市中学生在学校附近进行了为期半年的天文观测，图示意观测期间前两个月内某日绘制的北极星光线和正午太阳光线位置关系。据此完成下面小题。

A．	B．
C．	D．

福建长汀县是我国南方水土流失典型区，区域内水土流失差异较大，地形地质条件影响显著。近年来为了实现区域可持续发展，长汀县将水土流失治理和生态旅游相结合，通过生态经济，实现生态富民。实现了从“水土流失冠军”到“水土流失治理典范”的转换。下图为该地碎屑岩分布区水土流失模式图。

材料   在人类文明形成的轴心期，德治与法治的萌芽就出现了，最早可以追溯到中国的先秦时期与西方的古希腊时期。两种治理模式都是以人之德性为根基的善治模式。德治的思想萌芽始自于《尚书》中的以德配天思想以及先秦的孔子之德政与孟子之仁政之中。法治思想开端于先秦儒家荀子的隆礼重法的思想以及韩非为代表的法家思想与西方古希腊时期的法治思想。

——摘编自徐佰义《德治与法治的伦理溯源》

Yours,

Li Hua

While many of us may have been away somewhere nice last summer, few would say that we’ve “summered.” “Summer” is clearly a noun, more precisely, a verbed noun.

Way back in our childhood, we all learned the difference between a noun and a verb. With such a tidy definition, it was easy to spot the difference. Not so in adulthood, where we are expected to “foot” bills, “chair” committees, and “dialogue” with political opponents. Chances are you didn’t feel uncomfortable about the sight of those verbed nouns.

“The verbing of nouns is as old as the English language,” says Patricia O’Conner, a former editor at The New York Times Book Review. Experts estimate that 20 percent of all English verbs were originally nouns. And the phenomenon seems to be snowballing. Since 1900, about 40 percent of all new verbs have come from nouns.

Even though conversion (转化) is quite universal, plenty of grammarians object to the practice. William Strunk Jr. and E.B.White, in The Elements of Style — the Bible for the use of American English — have this to say: “Many nouns lately have been pressed into service as verbs. Not all are bad, but all are suspect.” The Chicago Manual of Style takes a similar standpoint, advising writers to use verbs with great care.

“Sometimes people object to a new verb because they resist what is unfamiliar to them,” says O’Conner. That’s why we’re comfortable “hosting” a party, but we might feel upset by the thought of “medaling” in sports. So are there any rules for verbing? Benjamin Dreyer, copy chief at Random House, doesn’t offer a rule, but suggests that people think twice about “verbifying” a noun if it’s easily replaceable by an already existing popular verb. Make sure it’s descriptive but not silly-sounding, he says.

In the end, however, style is subjective. Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English “English.” Not every coinage (新创的词语) passes into general use, but as for trying to end verbing altogether, forget it.