学进去

PRACTITIONERS

Jacqueline Felic de Almania(c. 1322)highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.

Tan Yunxian(1461-1554)was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve a apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511 Tan wrote a book, sayings of Female Doctor, describing her life as physician.

James Barry(c. 1789-1865)was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.

Rebecca Lee Crumpler(1831-1895)worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.