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①Would it surprise you to learn that, like animals, trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to their young trees?

②Professor Simard, forest ecologist (森林生态学家) from the University of British Columbia, explains how trees are much more complex (复杂的) than most of us ever imagined. Although Charles Darwin (达尔文) thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest, Simard and her team have made a new discovery and showed just how wrong he was. In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their group work and support, passing around necessary nutrition (营养) like Nitrogen (氮) and carbon “depending on who needs it”.

③Nitrogen and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi (真菌) networks. This makes sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive nutrition to keep them all healthy. This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons (神经元) in our brains, and when one tree is cut down, it influences all.

④Simard talks about “mother trees”. These are usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend. These “Mother Trees” are connected to all the other trees in the forest by this network of fungi, and may manage the resources of the whole trees and plants in the forest. She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the young trees, transporting important nutrition to them so they may continue to grow. When humans cut down “Mother Trees” without paying attention to these highly complex “tree societies” or the networks on which they feed, we are reducing the chances to save the whole forest.

⑤“We didn’t take any notice of it” Simard says sadly. “Mother trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying, but we never give them chances.” If we could explain the message clearly to the forestry industry, we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.

1．The underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph ② probably means that trees ________.

A．compete for survival	B．protect their own wealth
C．depend on each other	D．provide support for dying trees

2．“Mother trees” are very important because ________.

A．they look the largest in size in the forest	B．all the other trees depend on them
C．they pass on nutrition to dying trees	D．they transport important nutrition to young trees after dying

3．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to (指的是)?

A．how “tree societies” work	B．how trees grow old
C．how forestry industry develops	D．how young trees survive

4．What’s the proper structure (结构) for the passage?

A．	B．
C．	D．

5．What can we can learn from the passage?

A．Charles Darwin had the same opinion as Simard.

B．trees communicate with each other less deeply than we think.

C．if “Mother Trees” are cut down, they make no difference to the forest.

D．nitrogen and carbon play an important role in the forest ecological system.