学进去

For years, psychologists（心理学家） have been against giving children prizes or money for their performance in school. “Outwards” prizes, they say, can undermine the joy of learning for its own good and can even lead to cheating.

    But many economists(经济学家) and business people disagree, and their opinions often become popular in the educational marketplace. Prize programs that pay students are underway in many cities. In some places, students can bring home hundreds of dollars for, say, taking an Advanced Placement course and having high grades in the exams.

“Whether such efforts work continues to be a debate(争议) ,” said Barbara Marian, an assistant professor of education at Pennsylvania State. She is against using prizes as encouragement. Among parents, it often leads to very hot discussion. And in public education, a new focus on school reform(改革)pushes researchers on both sides of the debate to make more efforts to get data(数据) that may provide information on when and where prizes work.

“We have to get beyond our biases（偏见）,” said Roland Fryer, an economist at Harvard University who is planning and testing several prize programs. “Luckily, the scientific method allows us to examine most of those biases and let the data do the talking.” In the cash programs being studied, Roland Fryer and other economists compare the school performance of groups of students who are paid and students who are not. In the study, they find that the students who are prized get higher grades on the SAT and go to better colleges than those who are not.

 However, many psychologists believe that early data can be one-sided. Research suggests that prizes may work in the short term but have bad influences in the long term.
“Are they  highly interested in what they are doing? Or does it feel like hard work? The same prize program might have different influences on different kinds of students,” said Kirabo Jackson, a famous psychologist at Cornell University. “The higher the prize is, the more harmful the result might be.”
1．The underlined word “undermine” in Paragraph l most probably means “______”.

A．understand

B．examine

C．kill

D．protect

2．From Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3, we can learn that ______.

A．the students’ parents welcome prize programs

B．prize programs are getting popular in many cities

C．the government provides money for prize programs

D．all the education researchers support prize programs

3．According to Roland Fryer and other economists’ study, students who are paid _______.

A．have more scientific methods	B．like to discuss with other students
C．always cheat in examinations	D．have better performance at school

4．The passage mainly tells us _______.

A．how to use prizes to encourage the students

B．different opinions on giving students prizes

C．how to make students study hard in schools

D．bad results caused by some prize programs

5．What does the writer think of prize programs?

A．He doesn’t mention it.	B．He thinks they are harmful.
C．He thinks they are great.	D．He doesn’t care about them.